CystitisCall inflammation of the bladder.In most cases, this inflammation is caused by a bacterial infection, and is a type of urinary tract infection (IMVP).The infection of the bladder can be very painful and exhausting, and can also lead to more serious problems if it enters the kidneys ascending.
In rare cases, cystitis can be a reaction to certain drugs, radiation therapy or other stimuli: sprays for female hygiene, spermicidal gels or long -term use of urinary catheter.Cystitis can also be a complication of another disease.
Typically, bacterial cystitis requires the prescription of antibiotics.Treatment of other types of cystitis depends on their cause.
Symptoms and signs of cystitis
Symptoms of cystitis include:
Imperative (sudden and very strong) urge to urinate
False urination
Burning during urination
Frequent urination, small urine
Blood in the urine (hematuria)
Muddy urine and/or urine with a sharp unpleasant smell
Discomfort in the area of the pelvis
Pressure of pressure in the lower abdomen
Subfebrile body temperature (from 37 to 38 degrees)
In young children, the sudden appearance of daily enuresis (urinary incontinence) can also be a sign of urinary tract infection (IMVP).
When to see a doctor
Seek medical help immediately if you have symptoms that are characteristic of the renal infection, in particular:
Back pain or side
Fever and chills
Nausea and vomiting
Frequent, painful urination, lasting more than a few hours
Blood in the urine.
It is especially important to consult a doctor if this is not the first episode of cystitis.
If you have just completed the course of treatment, and the symptoms have already returned, consult a doctor right away.
If your child has daytime enuresis, call your pediatrician
The causes and risk factors of cystitis
The human urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, bladder and urethra (urethra).
The main function of the urinary system is to eliminate slag from the body.The kidneys filter blood, releasing primary and then secondary urine from it;Secondary urine flows through the ureters into the bladder and accumulates there for several hours, after which the bladder is filled, the person feels the urge to urinate, and empties the bladder through the urethra.
Bacterial cystitis
Urinal infections usually occur when bacteria from the outside penetrate the urinary tract through the urethra, and begin to multiply there.Most often, cystitis is caused by bacteria of E. coli.
Bacterial cystitis can occur in women as a complication of sexual intercourse, especially often this happens after the first sexual intercourse in the life of a woman.But even sexually inactive girls and women are susceptible to infections of the lower urinary tract, because women of genitals are often obsemeneny bacteria that cause cystitis.
Non -infectious cystitis
Nebakterialnym Cistitam includes:
Interstitial cystitis.The causes of this chronic inflammation of the bladder, also called the syndrome of the painful bladder, are still unclear.Most often found in women.This disease can be difficult to identify and cure.
Medication cystitis.Some drugs, chemotherapeutic drugs can cause cystitis, as they accumulate in the bladder and irritate its wall.
Radiation cystitis.The radiation treatment of the pelvic area can cause inflammatory changes in the tissues of the bladder.
Cystitis of a foreign body.Prolonged use of urinary catheter can increase the risk of bacterial infections and tissue damage;Both of these factors can cause cystitis.
Chemical cystitis.Some people may have increased sensitivity to chemicals contained in jacuzzi, female hygiene sprays, spermicidnyh gels and other substances.Local chemical irritation, or allergic inflammation - causes typical symptoms of cystitis.
Cystitis caused by other factors.Sometimes cystitis can occur as a complication of other diseases, such as diabetes, kidney stones, prostate hypertrophy or spinal cord injury.
Risk factors
Some people are more likely to develop recurrent urinary tract infections than others.First of all, the factor of risk is the female floor - a short urethra makes women more vulnerable before this disease.
Among women, those who: who:
Sexually active.Sexual intercourse can lead to Protalkivaniyu bacteria in the urethra.
Use some contraceptive means.Women who use diaphragms and other membranes impregnated with SPERMICIDNYM gel are more likely to suffer from cystitis.
Pregnancy.Hormonal changes during pregnancy can increase the risk of cystitis.
Located in menopause.Changed hormones in women in menopause are often Provociruyut IMVP.
Other risk factors of cystitis in men and women include:
Obstacle of urine.It can be caused by a stone in the bladder or an enlarged prostate (in men).
Changes in the immune system.They occur in diseases such as diabetes, HIV infection and cancer chemotherapy.The suppression of the immune system increases the risk of bacterial and, in some cases, viral cystitis.
Long -term use of urinary catheter.Older people and people with some diseases may need to long use urinary catheter.This often leads to increased vulnerability before bacterial infections, as well as direct damage to the tissues of the bladder.
In men without any predisposing factors - cystitis is rare.
Complications of cystitis
With rapid and proper treatment, cystitis rarely leads to complications.However, with untimely treatment, cystitis can provoke more serious diseases.
The complications of cystitis include, first of all, pyelonephritis (infectious kidney inflammation).An infection from inflamed bladder can fall into the kidneys ascending, which, in turn, can cause pyelonephritis and even irreversible damage to the renal tissue (nephrosclerosis).
Early children and elderly people have the highest risk of kidney damage due to bladder infections, because IMVP symptoms are often overlooked, or are mistakenly taken by doctors for the symptoms of other diseases.
Preparation for a doctor's visit
If you, or your child, have symptoms characteristic of cystitis, you should make an appointment with a doctor.First, you should be examined by a pediatrician, a therapist or a general practitioner, and then, if he considers it necessary, you will be directed to a urologist or nephrologist.In anticipation of the reception time, you can make a list that will reduce and optimize the time of communication with the doctor:
Write down your symptoms, including those that seem to you not related to cystitis
Make a list of all drugs, vitamins or food additives that you accept
Write down questions that you would like to ask your doctor
For example, you can ask a doctor:
What most likely caused my disease?
What additional examinations do I need to go through?
What factors, in your opinion, contributed to the development of cystitis?
What kind of treatment approach do you recommend?
If this course does not bring relief, what treatment do you advise me next?
What side effects can be expected from the prescribed course of treatment?
What is the risk that this problem will be repeated?
What can I do to reduce the risk of relapse?
Do I need a consultation of a narrow specialist, urologist or nephrologist?
Feel free to ask questions that arise with you during a conversation with a doctor.
Your doctor will probably ask you a number of questions, for example:
When did you first notice these symptoms?
Have you been treated for urinary tract infections earlier?
How strong discomfort do you experience?
How often do you wet?
After urination, how much does it last?
Do you have a lower back pain?
Did you have an elevated temperature?
Have you noticed the discharge from the vagina or blood in the urine?
Are you sexually active?
Do you use creams for contraception?Which?
Are you not pregnant?
Do you take drugs, biological supplements or vitamins?Do you have any chronic diseases?
Have you ever used a urinary catheter?
Diagnosis of cystitis
In addition to questioning about your symptoms and physics examination, your doctor can recommend certain tests and tests, such as:
General urine analysisThe test is used as Skriningovy, and as a diagnostic one.In this analysis, IMVP can be discussed in increased leukocytes, red blood cells and nitrites.
Analysis of urine for sterility.If the bladder is suspected of infection, the doctor may prescribe urine analysis for sterility, which will show the type of bacteria in the urine and their number.
General blood testThis analysis shows non -specific inflammatory changes in the white blood cells, and can indirectly indicate the presence and severity of the urinary tract (IMVP).
Cystoscopy.During this study, the doctor introduces a cystoscope - a thin pipe with backlight and video camera, through the urethra into the bladder, and examines it from the inside to study structural anomalies and signs of inflammation.
When using a cystoscope, the doctor can also take a small sample of fabric (biopsy) from a suspicious place for laboratory analysis.However, cystoscopy is not shown to all patients with cystitis, but only to patients with recurrent or nebakterialnym cystitis.
Visualisiruyushchie methods.These research methods are also required by not all patients, but only to those who cannot find the cause of IMVP relapse in other ways.For example, overview radiography of the abdomen, or ultrasound of the retroperitoneal space, can identify structural anomalies of the bladder, ureters and kidneys.In some cases, a contrast is carried out before radiography, ascending (cystography) or descending (intravenous urography).
Treatment of cystitis
Cystitis caused by a bacterial infection is usually treated with antibiotics.Treatment of non -infectious cystitis depends on its cause.
Treatment of bacterial cystitis
First -line antibiotics are drugs that are active against the intestinal stick, or those bacteria that were found in the urine during sowing.
Primary infection.Symptoms usually noticeably improve in the first days of treatment, but the doctor may insist on continuing therapy from three to seven days, depending on the severity of your infection.
Repeated infection.If you have a relapse of IMVP, the doctor may recommend longer antibiotic treatment, or directs you to a doctor who specializes in the treatment of urinary tract infections (urologist or nephrologist) to identify the cause of relapse.For some women with recurrent bacterial Cistitami, a single dose of the antibiotic after each sexual intercourse may be useful.
Nosocomial infections.The nosocomial infections of the bladder can be extremely difficult to treat, because the bacteria that cause them are often resistant to the main antibiotics used to therapy of extracurricular infections of the bladder.Therefore, the doctor can prescribe several antibiotics at once.
Treatment of interstitial cystitis
The reason for the development of interstitial cystitis remains uncertain, so there is no universal treatment regimen suitable for all patients at the same time.The doctor can try the following treatment methods:
Preparations used orally, or administered directly into the bladder.
Local procedures that relieve symptoms, such as stretching of the bladder, filling it with water or gas.
The excitation of the nerve with light electrical impulses (physiotization) to relieve pain in the pelvic area, and, in some cases, reduce the frequency of urination
Treatment of other forms of non -infectious cystitis
First of all, it is necessary to eliminate the cause that causes non -infectious cystitis: jacuzzi, spermicidal cream, etc.
Treatment of cystitis, which develops as a complication of chemotherapy or radiation therapy, focuses on the suppression of pain (usually using painkillers), and washing to reduce contact with irritants in the bladder.
Lifestyle and home remedies
Cystitis can be very painful, but there are simple home methods to greatly facilitate this discomfort:
Use the heating pad.Place the heating pad on the lower abdomen, this will greatly relieve pain and heaviness in the pelvis.
Do not allow dehydration.Drink a lot of liquids.Avoid coffee, alcohol, caffeine-containing non-alcoholic drinks, citrus juices;As well as spicy foods - until the symptoms of cystitis are subsided.These substances can irritate the bladder and aggravate the frequency and intensity of urination.
Take a sedentary bath.Subure the crotch in hot water for 15-20 minutes, this will noticeably relieve pain and discomfort.
With recurrent IMVP, discuss your personal optimal tactics of therapy and symptomatic treatment with your doctor.
Cystitis prevention
Cranberry juice or tablets containing pro -Aantocyanidine are often recommended to reduce the risk of recurrent infections of the bladder of some women.Nevertheless, recent studies show that these methods are not as effective as previously thought.
You can still try to take cranberry juice daily, but remember that it cannot be combined with warfarin, as this combination can lead to bleeding.
The following simple rules can be useful for the prevention of cystitis:
Drink a lot of liquids, especially water.This is especially important if you get chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Warm more often.If you feel the urge to urinate, do not postpone a visit to the toilet.
After defecation, wipe the crotch in front back.This prevents bacteria from the anal region in the vagina and the urethra.
Take a shower, not a bath.If you are prone to IMVP relapses, if you refuse the bath, and you will take a shower, since standing water in the bath can help to penetrate the infection into the urethra.
Gently wash the skin around the vagina and anus.Do this daily, but do not use irritating soaps, and do not make energetic efforts.On delicate skin around these areas, irritation easily occurs.
Enough the bladder as soon as possible after sexual intercourse.Drink a full glass of water to soon go to the toilet again.
Avoid the use of deodorants and aerosols, as well as other female cosmetics on the genital area.These substances can irritate the urethra and bladder.