Cystitis is an inflammation of the walls of the bladder of an acute or chronic course. It is manifested by frequent and painful urination, with the presence of pus in the urine, blood clots, in children it is accompanied by symptoms of intoxication, fever. The disease is common among people of any age and gender, but more often it is determined in women, which is associated with the anatomical features of the urinary system.
Symptoms of cystitis
Cystitis is divided into acute and chronic. The acute form is characterized by spontaneous onset and rapid development. The first sign is frequent urge to urinate every 20-30 minutes. Patients complain of pain in the suprapubic region, soreness spreads to the perineum, genitals, increases with pressure on the abdomen, slight filling of the bladder. Urination itself is painful with a burning sensation and pain, the act ends with the release of a few drops of blood. The color and transparency of urine changes: it looks cloudy, dark, with sediment, and has an unpleasant odor. With a favorable outcome, the state of health improves for 4-5 days, for 7-10 days the patient recovers.
Chronic cystitis is characterized by alternating exacerbations and remissions or a continuous sluggish course. Symptoms correspond to the acute form, their severity increases in the acute stage.
The reasons
For the development of cystitis, certain conditions are necessary: infections, morphological or functional changes in the bladder. In most cases, the disease is infectious. The main causative agents of cystitis are E. coli, epidermal streptococcus, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci. Microorganisms enter the bladder cavity from the external environment, the kidneys, less often from other foci of inflammation: through the lymph, blood, the damaged wall of the bladder.
A favorable background for the development of inflammation of the bladder is created by:
- frequent hypothermia;
- infrequent or incomplete urination;
- weakened immunity;
- sedentary lifestyle;
- wearing too tight clothes;
- malnutrition;
- vitamin deficiency;
- physical and psycho-emotional overwork;
- chronic diseases;
- change of sexual partner or the beginning of sexual activity;
- surgical interventions on the bladder, prostate gland;
- non-compliance with hygiene standards;
- impact on the body of radiation, chemical and toxic substances;
- treatment with antibiotics and nephrotoxic drugs;
- the presence of foreign bodies: urine diversion tubes, kidney stones, ureteral stents.
In the development of cystitis, a certain role belongs to such diseases and pathological conditions as diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis, Huerta stricture in boys / men, prostate adenoma, prostatitis, dysbacteriosis, intestinal infections, helminthic diseases.
Varieties
Cystitis is classified according to different criteria:
- downstream: acute - characterized by an inflammatory lesion of the mucous and submucosal layer, and chronic - morphological changes affect the muscle layer;
- by etiology: bacterial (divided into specific and non-specific) and non-bacterial (chemical, medicinal, radiation, allergic);
- in form: primary - occur without structural and functional changes in the urinary system, secondary - develop in conditions of bladder dysfunction, anatomical changes;
- according to the prevalence of the inflammatory process: focal (limited) and total (diffuse).
Diagnostics
In the diagnosis of cystitis, the urologist is helped by clinical manifestations, the results of laboratory and instrumental studies. The main role in recognizing cystitis, its type, course features belongs to the general analysis of urine, urine culture for flora, determination of the level of urine acidity. According to the indications, an endoscopic examination of the bladder mucosa (cystoscopy) or X-ray (cystography), survey urography, and ultrasound of the bladder are performed.
To confirm/exclude cystitis, specialists from CMRT clinics use modern diagnostic methods, such as:
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
- Ultrasound (ultrasound)
- duplex scanning
- Computed topography of the spine Diers
- Check-up (comprehensive examination of the body)
- CT
Which doctor to contact
The urologist diagnoses and treats the disease. Depending on the causes and symptoms accompanying the disease, consultation with a gynecologist and other specialists may be required.
How to treat cystitis
The course of treatment is selected by a urologist, sometimes in collaboration with an endocrinologist, gynecologist, infectious disease specialist, gastroenterologist, surgeon, and other specialists. In the stage of acute cystitis, in order to alleviate the symptoms of dysuric disorders, a dairy-vegetarian diet is recommended, restriction of spicy, salty, fatty foods, spices, thermal procedures on the bladder area. In order to quickly cleanse the bladder of toxins, bacteria, inflammatory components, it is necessary to strengthen the drinking regimen. In addition to slightly alkaline mineral water, you can drink juices, fruit drinks, compotes, weak green tea.
Of the medicines in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract, uroantiseptics, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral drugs are used, taking into account the type of pathogen. To get rid of pain, relieve muscle spasm, stop the symptoms of inflammation as prescribed, take analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antispasmodics. In addition to the main treatment, after the signs of the disease subside, herbal medicine, electrophoresis, and magnetotherapy are prescribed.
At the stage of complications, if it is impossible to cure the disease by conservative therapy, surgical removal of the bladder or pathologically altered area is performed by resection, laser exposure, freezing.
Complications
Prerequisites for the development of complications create chronic and secondary forms. Possible adverse effects include:
- sclerotic deformity of the bladder neck;
- anatomical and functional changes in the bladder;
- vesicoureteral reflux (reverse flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter);
- peritonitis;
- pyelonephritis;
- inflammation of the walls of the urethra.
Prevention of cystitis
Prevention of cystitis contributes to:
- exclusion of hypothermia;
- prevention of physical and psycho-emotional overwork;
- healthy and nutritious food;
- genital hygiene;
- early detection and treatment of infections, concomitant diseases;
- systematic emptying of the bladder;
- strengthening immunity;
- compliance with the drinking regime.